Heme bound to the bacterial transcription factor SqrR/YgaV catalyzes oxygen-dependent conversion of hydrogen sulfide to polysulfide for regulated gene expression

Abstract

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and polysulfide are critical signaling molecules in bacteria, with distinct roles in regulating oxidative stress and redox balance. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms underlying the sulfur sensing and regulatory functions of two homologous transcription factors, SqrR from Rhodobacter capsulatus and YgaV from Escherichia coli. In vitro thiol-specific labeling and SDS–PAGE analyses demonstrate that apo-SqrR and apo-YgaV respond selectively and sensitively to polysulfides, rather than H₂S itself, under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. UV–visible spectroscopy demonstrated that the coordination state of the heme changes depending on the cysteine redox status: reduced cysteines support a six-coordinate heme, while oxidation to tetrasulfide crosslink leads to a five-coordinate state. Importantly, heme binding enhances cysteine oxidation by H₂S under aerobic conditions, but not under anaerobic conditions, indicating that oxygen facilitates heme-mediated generation and utilization of polysulfides. In contrast, heme binding suppresses cysteine reactivity toward polysulfides under anaerobic conditions in both proteins, with this suppression modulated by the redox state of the heme iron. These findings suggest that heme binding regulates sulfur responsiveness by promoting cysteine oxidation by H₂S under aerobic conditions and suppressing polysulfide reactivity under anaerobic conditions. This work reveals a context-dependent regulatory mechanism by which bacterial transcription factors integrate redox cues and sulfur metabolism, shedding light on their evolutionary adaptation to fluctuating oxygen and sulfur environments.