Cyanotoxin and domoic acid occurrence, relation with salinity, and potential recreational health risks in U.S. coasts in the 2015 US EPA National Coastal Condition Assessment

IF 4.5 1区生物学 Q1 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Harmful Algae Pub Date : 2025-07-27 DOI:10.1016/j.hal.2025.102935

Ariel R. Donovan , Zachary R. Laughrey , Robin A. Femmer , Sarena L. Senegal , Keith A. Loftin

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

In the first nationwide study of cyanotoxins in U.S. estuaries, algal toxins, cyanotoxins, chlorophyll, and salinity were measured in samples collected during the National Coastal Condition Assessment 2015. Anatoxin-a (ANAA), cylindrospermopsin (CYLS), domoic acid (DMAC), and microcystins (MCs) were detected by LC/MS/MS in 0.6, 0.9, 8.3, and 2.0 % of samples with mean concentrations of detections of 0.13, 0.13, 0.53, and 0.49 µg/L, respectively. MCs by ELISA were also evaluated, and 4.0 % of samples had measurable MCs with a mean of 0.78 µg/L. While ANAA and CYLS were detected south of 40° latitude, MCs by ELISA and DMAC occurred nationwide. Results were compared to freshwater recreational health thresholds from the World Health Organization and US Environmental Protection Agency to evaluate potential recreational exposure to MCs and CYLS since marine thresholds do not currently exist. Cyanotoxins were categorized using the 2021 World Health Organization Alert Level Framework for recreational exposure with 99.4, 99.1, 94.7, 98.0, and 44.7 % of samples being at the Vigilance Level for ANAA, CYLS, MCs (ELISA and LC/MS/MS), and chlorophyll, respectively with the remaining samples at Alert Level 1. Chlorophyll had 19.9 and 9.9 % of samples at Alert Level 1 and Alert Level 2, respectively. All cyanotoxins were below US EPA health advisory thresholds. ANAA, CYLS, DMAC, and MCs by ELISA were detected in samples with a wide range of salinities, while MCs by LC/MS/MS only occurred in samples with salinity <5 part per thousand (PPT). The source of cyanotoxins is likely a combination of inland transport and in situ estuarine production.

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2015年美国环保署国家海岸状况评估中美国海岸蓝藻毒素和软骨藻酸的发生、与盐度的关系以及潜在的休闲健康风险

在美国河口首次对蓝藻毒素进行的全国性研究中，在2015年国家海岸状况评估期间收集的样本中测量了藻类毒素、蓝藻毒素、叶绿素和盐度。采用LC/MS/MS法对样品中Anatoxin-a （ANAA）、CYLS （CYLS）、软骨藻酸（DMAC）和微囊藻毒素（MCs）的检出率分别为0.6%、0.9%、8.3和2.0%，平均检出浓度分别为0.13、0.13、0.53和0.49µg/L。ELISA法测定MCs， 4.0%的样品可测到MCs，平均值为0.78µg/L。ANAA和CYLS在纬度40°以南检测到，而ELISA和DMAC检测到的MCs在全国范围内都存在。结果与世界卫生组织和美国环境保护署的淡水休闲健康阈值进行了比较，以评估潜在的休闲暴露于MCs和CYLS，因为目前不存在海洋阈值。根据2021年世界卫生组织休闲暴露警戒级别框架对蓝藻毒素进行分类，分别有99.4%、99.1%、94.7%、98.0%和44.7%的样本对ANAA、CYLS、MCs （ELISA和LC/MS/MS）和叶绿素处于警戒级别，其余样本处于警戒级别1。预警1级和预警2级的叶绿素含量分别为19.9%和9.9%。所有的蓝藻毒素都低于美国环保局的健康咨询阈值。ELISA法检测到的ANAA、CYLS、DMAC和MCs均存在于盐度范围较广的样品中，而LC/MS/MS法检测到的MCs仅存在于盐度≤5 ppm （PPT）的样品中。蓝藻毒素的来源可能是内陆运输和河口就地生产的结合。

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来源期刊

Harmful Algae 生物-海洋与淡水生物学

CiteScore

12.50

自引率

15.20%

发文量

122

审稿时长

7.5 months

期刊介绍： This journal provides a forum to promote knowledge of harmful microalgae and macroalgae, including cyanobacteria, as well as monitoring, management and control of these organisms.