A novel method to simulate radiographs of 3D printed objects

IF 2.2 4区医学 Q3 RADIOLOGY, NUCLEAR MEDICINE & MEDICAL IMAGING

Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics Pub Date : 2025-08-03 DOI:10.1002/acm2.70159

Maxwell C. Campbell, Steven I. Pollmann, Jaques S. Milner, Emily A. Lalone, David W. Holdsworth

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

3D printing has a number of applications within medicine and healthcare. In applications involving radiography, the internal infill structure and external geometry of a 3D printed part can produce undesirable artifacts, limiting the full potential of 3D printing as a manufacturing technology. While the mechanical performance of a 3D printed part can be easily simulated, it is difficult to simulate the radiographic artifact produced.

Purpose

The purpose of this work was to develop a tool that allows users to simulate the radiographic artifact produced by a 3D printed object.

Methods

Three regular hexagons of identical geometry were sliced and 3D printed using polylactic acid (PLA) filament on a fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer with varying infill patterns: rectilinear grid, cubic, and gyroid. The hexagons were then radiographed using clinical-standard scanning protocols. The captured radiographs were compared to simulated radiographs generated using the G-Code developed when the objects were sliced. The physical and simulated virtual radiographs were compared to one another, and the simulated angle of least and greatest artifact was noted.

Results

Strong visual agreement was found between the physically captured and simulated virtual radiographs. The projection angles that produced the least amount of artifact were 22.5°, 22.5°, and 12.25° for grid, cubic, and gyroid infills, respectively. The projection angles that produced the greatest amount of artifact were 0°, 45°, and 45° for grid, cubic, and gyroid infills, respectively.

Conclusions

This work provides designers of 3D printed components with a new way to evaluate a design's radiographic performance. Previously, designers would have to physically print and radiograph a part to determine the artifact produced. This work outlines the development of a tool that simulates the radiograph of a 3D printed part from multiple different projections, saving designers time to iterate to their final design.

Abstract Image

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一种模拟3D打印物体射线照片的新方法

3D打印在医学和医疗保健领域有许多应用。在涉及射线照相的应用中，3D打印部件的内部填充结构和外部几何形状可能会产生不希望的工件，从而限制了3D打印作为制造技术的全部潜力。虽然3D打印部件的机械性能可以很容易地模拟，但很难模拟产生的射线照相工件。这项工作的目的是开发一种工具，允许用户模拟3D打印对象产生的射线照相工件。方法在熔融沉积建模（FDM） 3D打印机上，用聚乳酸（PLA）长丝对三个几何形状相同的正六边形进行切片和3D打印，填充模式有直网格、立方和旋转。然后使用临床标准扫描协议对六边形进行放射照相。将捕获的x线照片与物体切片时使用G-Code开发的模拟x线照片进行比较。将物理x线片与模拟x线片进行对比，记录最小伪影和最大伪影的模拟角度。结果物理捕获的x线片与模拟的虚拟x线片在视觉上有很强的一致性。对于网格填充、立方填充和陀螺填充，产生最少伪影的投影角度分别为22.5°、22.5°和12.25°。对于网格填充、立方填充和陀螺填充，产生最多伪影的投影角度分别为0°、45°和45°。这项工作为3D打印部件的设计师提供了一种评估设计的射线成像性能的新方法。在此之前，设计师必须对零件进行物理打印和射线照相，以确定所生产的工件。这项工作概述了一种工具的开发，该工具可以从多个不同的投影中模拟3D打印部件的x光片，从而节省设计师迭代最终设计的时间。

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来源期刊

Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics 医学-核医学

CiteScore

3.60

自引率

19.00%

发文量

331

审稿时长

3 months

期刊介绍： Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics is an international Open Access publication dedicated to clinical medical physics. JACMP welcomes original contributions dealing with all aspects of medical physics from scientists working in the clinical medical physics around the world. JACMP accepts only online submission. JACMP will publish: -Original Contributions: Peer-reviewed, investigations that represent new and significant contributions to the field. Recommended word count: up to 7500. -Review Articles: Reviews of major areas or sub-areas in the field of clinical medical physics. These articles may be of any length and are peer reviewed. -Technical Notes: These should be no longer than 3000 words, including key references. -Letters to the Editor: Comments on papers published in JACMP or on any other matters of interest to clinical medical physics. These should not be more than 1250 (including the literature) and their publication is only based on the decision of the editor, who occasionally asks experts on the merit of the contents. -Book Reviews: The editorial office solicits Book Reviews. -Announcements of Forthcoming Meetings: The Editor may provide notice of forthcoming meetings, course offerings, and other events relevant to clinical medical physics. -Parallel Opposed Editorial: We welcome topics relevant to clinical practice and medical physics profession. The contents can be controversial debate or opposed aspects of an issue. One author argues for the position and the other against. Each side of the debate contains an opening statement up to 800 words, followed by a rebuttal up to 500 words. Readers interested in participating in this series should contact the moderator with a proposed title and a short description of the topic