{"title":"Parkinson Disease.","authors":"Ashley Rawls, Michael S Okun","doi":"10.1212/cont.0000000000001593","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder that is increasing in prevalence especially as the population continues to age. This article provides an overview of the clinical presentation and evaluation for PD, genetic and environmental risk factors, and current treatments.</p><p><strong>Latest developments: </strong>New treatments for motor symptoms of PD (eg, motor fluctuations, extending \"on time\"), including istradefylline and opicapone, have been approved. A subcutaneous pump to provide dopaminergic agents to patients is now available. Additionally, skin biopsy staining for α-synuclein has become a viable option for patients with diagnostic uncertainty of synucleinopathy.</p><p><strong>Essential points: </strong>PD is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative movement disorder with many potential presentations. Both motor and nonmotor symptoms are present during the disease course, and symptomatic medication and advanced surgical techniques have the potential to improve quality of life. Patients living with PD may manifest improvement in symptoms and quality of life from behavioral, pharmacologic, and surgical interventions. There remains no clear intervention to modify the progression of PD.</p>","PeriodicalId":52475,"journal":{"name":"CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology","volume":"31 4","pages":"930-955"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1212/cont.0000000000001593","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"Medicine","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Objective: Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder that is increasing in prevalence especially as the population continues to age. This article provides an overview of the clinical presentation and evaluation for PD, genetic and environmental risk factors, and current treatments.
Latest developments: New treatments for motor symptoms of PD (eg, motor fluctuations, extending "on time"), including istradefylline and opicapone, have been approved. A subcutaneous pump to provide dopaminergic agents to patients is now available. Additionally, skin biopsy staining for α-synuclein has become a viable option for patients with diagnostic uncertainty of synucleinopathy.
Essential points: PD is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative movement disorder with many potential presentations. Both motor and nonmotor symptoms are present during the disease course, and symptomatic medication and advanced surgical techniques have the potential to improve quality of life. Patients living with PD may manifest improvement in symptoms and quality of life from behavioral, pharmacologic, and surgical interventions. There remains no clear intervention to modify the progression of PD.
期刊介绍：
Continue your professional development on your own schedule with Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology®, the American Academy of Neurology" self-study continuing medical education publication. Six times a year you"ll learn from neurology"s experts in a convenient format for home or office. Each issue includes diagnostic and treatment outlines, clinical case studies, a topic-relevant ethics case, detailed patient management problem, and a multiple-choice self-assessment examination.
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