Development and validation of the PA-SDA Scale: Measuring personal attributes in AI-integrated self-directed language learning

IF 5.6 1区文学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

System Pub Date : 2025-08-01 DOI:10.1016/j.system.2025.103793

Belle Li , Zhuo Zhang , Victoria Lowell , Chaoran Wang , Curtis J. Bonk

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

This study introduces the Personal Attributes for Self-Directed AI Learning (PA-SDA) Scale. This 44-item instrument measures key personal attributes of language learners who use generative AI tools, such as ChatGPT. An initial pool of items was constructed through an extensive literature review, pilot testing, and expert review. We validated the scale with 699 global language learners, and the sample was divided into two independent subsamples for exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to achieve cross-validation of the factorial structure. The final scale comprises five primary constructs: Attitude (perceived usefulness, ease of use, understanding limitations), Strategy Use (behavioral, cognitive/meta-cognitive, overall), Motivation, Self-efficacy, and Resource Use. Each primary construct contains subconstructs. The PA-SDA scale represents the first validated instrument for measuring personal attributes in AI-integrated SDL contexts, advancing theory by operationalizing qualitative insights, providing researchers with a reliable assessment tool, and offering educators means to evaluate learners’ AI-learning readiness.

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PA-SDA量表的开发与验证：人工智能集成自主语言学习中个人属性的测量

本研究引入了PA-SDA （Personal Attributes for Self-Directed AI Learning）量表。这个包含44个项目的工具衡量使用生成式人工智能工具（如ChatGPT）的语言学习者的关键个人属性。通过广泛的文献回顾、试点测试和专家评审，初步构建了项目库。我们用699名全球语言学习者验证了量表，并将样本分为两个独立的子样本进行探索性和验证性因素分析，以实现析因结构的交叉验证。最终量表包括五个主要构念：态度（感知有用性、易用性、理解局限性）、策略使用（行为、认知/元认知、整体）、动机、自我效能感和资源使用。每个主构念包含子构念。PA-SDA量表是第一个经过验证的工具，用于测量人工智能集成SDL环境中的个人属性，通过实施定性见解来推进理论，为研究人员提供可靠的评估工具，并为教育工作者提供评估学习者人工智能学习准备情况的手段。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

System Multiple-

CiteScore

8.80

自引率

8.30%

发文量

202

审稿时长

64 days

期刊介绍： This international journal is devoted to the applications of educational technology and applied linguistics to problems of foreign language teaching and learning. Attention is paid to all languages and to problems associated with the study and teaching of English as a second or foreign language. The journal serves as a vehicle of expression for colleagues in developing countries. System prefers its contributors to provide articles which have a sound theoretical base with a visible practical application which can be generalized. The review section may take up works of a more theoretical nature to broaden the background.