XCL1: a multifunctional chemokine with metamorphic properties and therapeutic potential after injury to the nervous system – review

Abstract

XC Motif Chemokine Ligand 1 (XCL1, known as lymphotactin), acting via XCR1, is a member of the chemokine family which includes molecules with chemotactic functions. However, subsequent years of research on this chemokine, while simultaneously exploring and understanding the complexity of the processes taking place in living organisms, have revealed a plethora of interesting information about its properties. This review aims to combine the current knowledge on the properties of XCL1 under pathological conditions, particularly in neuropathy. We wanted to draw attention to the unusual properties of XCL1 that have not yet been considered, such as its metamorphic properties and its mutual connections with glycosaminoglycans and integrin subunit alpha 9 (ITGA9). Furthermore, given the well-documented roles of XCL1 in the coordination of homeostatic and immune responses, we anticipate that a comprehensive understanding of the molecular interactions regulating XCL1 binding and activation of its receptors may facilitate the development of novel drugs targeting XCR1 or ITGA9 in various diseases. This point of view may be of great importance in the future for the modulation of systems related to this chemokine for therapeutic applications. This review aims to outline new areas of interest, to break out of following old patterns and dead ends and to sketch further research paths.