Control and optimization techniques for load frequency control of multi-area Cyber–Physical Power Systems: A literature review

Abstract

In Cyber–Physical Power Systems (CPPSs), Load Frequency Control (LFC) needs an efficient information system and high performance strategies to ensure power system frequency stability. This paper focuses on these two aspects, comprehensively reviewing the challenges and research progress of LFC in multi-area CPPSs from three dimensions: modeling, control strategies, and mitigation methods of some information system abnormal conditions. Firstly, considering the high penetration of renewable energy and open network architectures, we review various LFC models applicable to CPPSs from physical dynamics and information layer features, providing a solid theoretical basis for future research. Secondly, we classify and summarize LFC control strategies in CPPSs, covering classical, modern control strategies, optimization technologies and analyze their strengths and limitations in LFC. Finally, we analyze information system challenges like cyber attacks, communication bandwidth limits and delays, and propose corresponding countermeasures. In conclusion, this paper delves into LFC issues in CPPSs, focusing on challenges such as communication bandwidth limitations, delays and cyber attacks. It is hoped to provide a powerful framework and valuable research direction for future work in the field.