Pediatric Neurocysticercosis. Burden of pediatric neurological disorders in resource-limited regions

Abstract

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is caused by the parasitic tapeworm Taenia solium, which frequently infects the central nervous system of children and adults. Diagnosis involves a thorough medical history, with an emphasis on the epidemiological conditions of the affected individuals. Understanding the parasite's life cycle and the host's immune response is for a deeper comprehension of their mutual interaction. The most common clinical manifestations include seizures, headaches, increased intracranial pressure, cranial nerve involvement, cognitive dysfunction, radicular and spinal compression symptoms, and ultimately, vision loss, depending on the locations of the lesions. It is essential to know the neuroradiological findings and how they can correlate with the viability and evolutionary stages of the parasite. Since seizures are noted as the most prevalent symptom in the pediatric population, it is crucial to understand how to manage them and the associated symptoms, such as inflammation and other complications. When appropriate, conducting immunological tests and utilizing molecular assays are vital to determine the specificity and sensitivity of these methods in aiding the diagnosis of NCC, especially when neuroimaging results are inconclusive. NCC is classified as active, transitional, or inactive to guide the selection of appropriate treatment options, including antiseizure medications, antiparasitic drugs, anti-inflammatory medications, and surgery when necessary. This document also aims to explore the differences in the natural history of this condition in pediatric populations compared to adults. Prevention and education are the most effective strategies for combating this infection, particularly in underdeveloped areas.