{"title":"Comparative nutritional outcomes in preterm infants and formulation optimization of infant formula: a review.","authors":"Yanchen Liu, Zhao Zhang, Guangqing Mu, Xuemei Zhu","doi":"10.1080/10408398.2025.2528727","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Preterm infants, born before 37 wks of gestation, require specialized nutrition to support catch-up growth and minimize metabolic risks. This review compares key enteral nutrition sources-breast milk, fortified breast milk, and preterm infant formula-highlighting their compositional differences and effects on growth and development. It emphasizes the importance of mimicking human milk components, particularly lipids, proteins, and oligosaccharides, to enhance feeding outcomes and gut microbiota development, and explores recent advancements in formula optimization. Personalized nutrition strategies, considering intake volume, breast milk composition, the components of human milk fortifiers, and the safety of mixed nutritional supplements, are essential. Emerging technologies, including encapsulation, the regulatory approval of novel ingredients, and AI-driven tools, offer new possibilities for improving nutritional outcomes in preterm infants.</p>","PeriodicalId":10767,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in food science and nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":8.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Critical reviews in food science and nutrition","FirstCategoryId":"97","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2025.2528727","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Preterm infants, born before 37 wks of gestation, require specialized nutrition to support catch-up growth and minimize metabolic risks. This review compares key enteral nutrition sources-breast milk, fortified breast milk, and preterm infant formula-highlighting their compositional differences and effects on growth and development. It emphasizes the importance of mimicking human milk components, particularly lipids, proteins, and oligosaccharides, to enhance feeding outcomes and gut microbiota development, and explores recent advancements in formula optimization. Personalized nutrition strategies, considering intake volume, breast milk composition, the components of human milk fortifiers, and the safety of mixed nutritional supplements, are essential. Emerging technologies, including encapsulation, the regulatory approval of novel ingredients, and AI-driven tools, offer new possibilities for improving nutritional outcomes in preterm infants.
期刊介绍：
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition serves as an authoritative outlet for critical perspectives on contemporary technology, food science, and human nutrition.
With a specific focus on issues of national significance, particularly for food scientists, nutritionists, and health professionals, the journal delves into nutrition, functional foods, food safety, and food science and technology. Research areas span diverse topics such as diet and disease, antioxidants, allergenicity, microbiological concerns, flavor chemistry, nutrient roles and bioavailability, pesticides, toxic chemicals and regulation, risk assessment, food safety, and emerging food products, ingredients, and technologies.
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