Lung Volume Change Under Apnoeic Oxygenation With Different Flow Rates in Children: A Single-Centre Prospective Randomized Controlled Non-Inferiority Trial.

Abstract

Background: High-flow oxygen in children prolongs the apnea time. The exact mechanism remains unclear.

Aims: This study investigated whether low- and high-flow nasal oxygen are non-inferior to very high-flow oxygen in preventing lung volume loss during apnoea in children under general anesthesia. We also examined whether early onset oxygen using the Optiflow Switch cannula reduces lung volume loss compared to conventional late-onset application. Finally, we assessed the timing and regional distribution of lung volume changes using electrical impedance tomography (EIT).

Methods: We conducted a single center randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. After Ethics Committee approval and informed consent, we recruited 108 children (ASA1 and 2, 10-20 kg) undergoing elective general anesthesia. The primary endpoint was the normalized reduction in lung volume in relation to body weight (mL kg^-1) after termination of facemask ventilation from start to end of apnoea measured with EIT. After induction of anesthesia and neuromuscular blockade, patients were left apnoeic for 5 min receiving humidified and heated oxygen with a high-flow system at different flow rates: (1) Low-flow 0.2 L min^-1 kg^-1; (2) High-flow 2 L min^-1 kg^-1; (3) Very high-flow 4 L min^-1 kg^-1(control group); (4) Early onset of high-flow 2 L min^-1 kg^-1 with Optiflow Switch. Normalization of impedance change to 6-8 mL kg^-1 in relation to body weight and changes in lung volume from start to end of apnoea were measured.

Results: 89/108 children were analyzed (low-flow n = 20, high-flow n = 24, very high-flow n = 21 and early onset high-flow n = 24.). The estimated mean (95% CI) reduction in lung volume was: low-flow 5.9 (5.3-7.8) mL kg^-1, high-flow 6.5 (5.3-7.8) mL kg^-1, very high-flow (control) 5.7 (4.4-7.0) mL kg^-1, and early onset high-flow 6.7 (5.5-7.9) mL kg^-1. Non-inferiority could be demonstrated only for the low-flow group compared to the control group.

Conclusions: Apnoeic oxygenation with low-flow is non-inferior to very high-flow regarding lung volume loss in children. An early onset of apnoeic oxygenation after facemask ventilation may delay lung volume loss during apnoea.