Multiple sclerosis: 2024 update.

Q3 Medicine

Free neuropathology Pub Date : 2025-07-08 eCollection Date: 2025-01-01 DOI:10.17879/freeneuropathology-2025-6762

Luisa Klotz, Maija Saraste, Laura Airas, Tanja Kuhlmann

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Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex immune-mediated disease that leads to neurological disability, with ongoing challenges in understanding its initiation, predicting progression, and optimizing personalized treatment. This review article summarizes key research findings from 2024, covering advances in diagnostic criteria, understanding of pathophysiology, and treatment strategies. New studies reinforce the strong link between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and MS, while recent data point towards a role of genetics in MS disease progression. The 2024 McDonald criteria revision enhances diagnostic specificity and includes novel MRI markers and facilitates measurement of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Additionally, recent genetic discoveries, advanced imaging techniques, and emerging biomarkers are refining disease monitoring and prognosis. Finally, we highlight promising therapeutic developments, including Bruton Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitors and CAR T-cell therapies, with the former representing a paradigm shift in the potential of targeting MS progression beyond focal inflammation.

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多发性硬化：2024年更新。

多发性硬化症（MS）是一种复杂的免疫介导疾病，可导致神经功能障碍，在了解其起源、预测其进展和优化个性化治疗方面面临着持续的挑战。本文综述了2024年以来的主要研究成果，包括诊断标准、病理生理学的理解和治疗策略的进展。新的研究加强了eb病毒（EBV）与多发性硬化症之间的紧密联系，而最近的数据指出遗传在多发性硬化症疾病进展中的作用。2024年McDonald标准修订增强了诊断特异性，包括新的MRI标记物，并促进了脑脊液生物标记物的测量。此外，最近的基因发现、先进的成像技术和新兴的生物标志物正在改善疾病监测和预后。最后，我们强调了有希望的治疗进展，包括布鲁顿酪氨酸激酶（BTK）抑制剂和CAR - t细胞疗法，前者代表了针对多发性硬化进展的潜力的范式转变，而不是局灶性炎症。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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