A review of non-edible indigenous seeds feedstock in Bangladesh for biodiesel: Production, fuel properties and combustions performance

Abstract

The demand for energy has been escalating daily due to rapid population growth and economic expansion. Heavy reliance on non-renewable energy sources causes significant environmental harm and results in high costs, making renewable resources essential. Biodiesel, a non-toxic and environmentally friendly fuel, closely resembles conventional fossil fuels. It is derived from renewable sources such as palm oil, animal fats, and non-edible seeds. Biodiesel offers notable benefits, including reduced generation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and hazardous air pollutants. Despite these advantages, widespread adoption of biodiesel remains challenging. This study explores the various non-edible seeds obtained from indigenous plants in Bangladesh, physico-chemical properties of these extracted oil, biodiesel production, and their engine performance study. Among the reported fifteen seeds, the oil content was found to be the highest in Eucalyptus seed (50%–60%), followed by Jatropha, Rubber, Mahua and so on. Stearic acid (C18:0), Oleic acid (C18:1) and Linoleic acid (C18:2) were commonly found in all the seeds whereas the maximum content of palmitic acid and Oleic acid was found in cotton seed oil. The biodiesel yield during the trans-esterification process was found about 95%. A Biodiesel blend of 15%–20% with commercial diesel was found acceptable for smooth performance of the existing engines. The emission of CO, hydrocarbons, smokes etc. reduced by 10%–50% while using biodiesel blend whereas the emissions of CO₂ and in some cases, NOx increased by 10%–20% more than that of the commercial diesel.