Decoration of palladium nanoparticles over Thymus pannonicus extract modified magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and evaluation of its catalytic performance in the synthesis of 5-Substituted-1H-tetrazoles

Abstract

This research outlines a novel core-shell structure of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles supported by Palladium nanoparticles using Thymus pannonicus extract. Various instrumental techniques, such as FE-SEM, elemental mapping, TEM, EDX, XRD, and ICP-OES, were utilized to assess the morphological and physicochemical characteristics of the produced Fe₃O₄@T. pannonicus/Pd NPs material. The desired catalyst was utilized to efficiently synthesize 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles from haloarenes, achieving good yields and allowing for a straightforward extraction process. In this procedure, a novel and recyclable Fe₃O₄@T. pannonicus/Pd NPs catalyst facilitated the reaction of diverse iodo- and bromo- benzenes with K₄[Fe(CN)₆], serving as a safe source of cyanide to promote the [2 + 3] cycloaddition of the resultant aryl nitriles with NaN₃ in an in-situ single-pot process to produce 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles. The durability of the catalyst was confirmed through leaching tests, hot filtration, and reusability assessments over 7 consecutive cycles.