Moving Minds: How to Prescribe Physical Activity for Schizophrenia.

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder marked by hallucinations, delusions, cognitive deficits, and functional decline. Despite pharmacologic advances, many individuals experience persistent symptoms, significant metabolic side effects, reduced quality of life, and elevated cardiovascular mortality. Physical activity (PA) is increasingly recognized as an effective adjunctive intervention for both psychiatric and physical health outcomes in this population. Aerobic exercise can enhance cognition, reduce symptom severity, and counteract metabolic complications from antipsychotic medications. However, individuals with schizophrenia often have low PA levels due to motivational, cognitive, and physical barriers. Exercise adherence, like medication adherence, requires structure, empathy, and individualized planning. The FITT framework (Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type) offers a practical guide for prescribing PA tailored to individual capacity and preferences. Most effective programs, include moderate to vigorous aerobic activity, 90 to 150 minutes weekly, in 30 to 60 minutes sessions, often delivered in supervised or group settings. Importantly, most exercise professionals have minimal or no training in supporting individuals with schizophrenia and require guidance to do so safely and effectively. Overcoming barriers, such as sedation, anxiety, and cognitive impairment through supervision, motivational interviewing, and adaptive programming is essential. With appropriate support and monitoring, PA can be a safe, scalable, and holistic strategy to improve outcomes in schizophrenia. This editorial outlines evidence-based recommendations to help exercise professionals and clinicians incorporate PA into standard care.