Goat milk production and utilization by communal farmers in an arid region

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing farmers' decisions to milk goats in the Beitbridge district. A total of 120 farmers were randomly selected, and data on goat flock structure, production constraints, and milk utilisation were collected using a structured questionnaire. Results showed that 53.3 % of the sampled farmers practiced goat milking. The primary reasons for not milking goats included low milk yields (42.1 %), cultural and traditional beliefs (42.1 %), and the perceived unpleasant taste and smell of goat milk (15.8 %). Among farmers who milked goats, 60.9 % reported an average yield of 250–500 ml per day during the wet season, while only 10.9 % obtained more than 1000 ml per day in the same period. Goat milking was primarily performed by children (68.8 %), with limited participation from fathers (3.1 %). Statistical analysis revealed that the household head’s (HH) level of education and the number of cattle owned significantly influenced (P < 0.05) the likelihood of milking goats. Farmers with higher education levels were more likely to engage in goat milking, suggesting that knowledge and awareness play a role in its adoption. Despite its nutritional benefits, goat milk remains underutilised in the district, largely due to low milk yields from indigenous breeds and limited awareness of its health advantages. Increasing farmer education and promoting improved breeds could enhance goat milk production and utilisation in the region. These initiatives could significantly contribute to improving both the quality and quantity of milk production, leading to better livelihoods for farmers and greater sustainability within the agricultural sector.