Ascorbic acid deficiency promotes metabolic remodeling and pulmonary fibrosis that leads to respiratory failure in Sod1 and Akr1a double-knockout mice

Abstract

We recently reported that mice with a double knockout (DKO) of Sod1 encoding superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and Akr1a encoding aldehyde reductase survived more than one year when supplemented with ascorbic acid (Asc) (1.5 mg/ml in drinking water), and that the withdrawal of Asc resulted in premature death in only two weeks due to oxidative damage-associated pneumonia. SOD1 is known to disable the radical electrons of superoxide, which suppresses the subsequent formation of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS). Akr1a encodes aldehyde reductase, which catalyzes the biosynthesis of Asc, which is a strong nutritional antioxidant. In this study, we sought to gain insight into the metabolic basis for the progression of respiratory failure in the DKO mice. Pathological examinations have revealed pulmonary damage and the progression of fibrosis caused by an elevation in pulmonary cell death in these mice. Metabolite analyses have shown that substrate compounds catabolized in the tricarboxylic acid cycle are shifted from carbohydrates to amino acids, which leads to polyamine synthesis. While proteins involved in cell polarization, adhesion, and transport are increased in the lungs, showing trends similar to those of activated leukocytes, antioxidative enzymes were characteristically decreased in the lungs. Carbonyl proteins were originally high in the DKO mice but did not increase following Asc withdrawal, which was likely caused by stimulation of the degradation of oxidized proteins through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. It is conceivable that the oxidative insult due to Asc insufficiency under Sod1 deficiency causes protein oxidation followed by degradation, which fuels the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Remodeling the metabolic pathways for amino acid use increases polyamine synthesis, which could stimulate pulmonary fibrosis and lead to respiratory failure.