Senolytics under scrutiny in the quest to slow aging

Abstract

As the world’s population continues to age, the ability to slow human aging pharmacologically would bring enormous health and medical benefits. It would also offer extraordinary financial rewards to any enterprise that was capable of delivering longevity in a pill. Because the major causes of mortality worldwide are age-related diseases (such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders), delaying the onset of aging and age-related diseases is a dream as old as time. The discovery that aging can be delayed in animal models (including in mice) using genetic, dietary and pharmacological interventions has given rise to a growing longevity biotechnology industry¹, which is keen to translate these preclinical discoveries into human applications.

The longevity biotechnology sector has been expanding rapidly in recent years and attracting high-profile investors. Approaches range from decades-old antioxidants to more recent approaches, such as those pursued by Altos Labs (which focuses on partial reprogramming and cellular rejuvenation). One of the major anti-aging strategies involves targeting senescent cells. In the 1960s, Hayflick and Moorhead discovered that human cells in culture have a limited proliferative potential before becoming senescent owing to telomere shortening. In addition, cellular senescence can be triggered by oncogenes or various forms of stress². This state is marked by irreversible growth arrest as well as other markers, including expression of cell cycle inhibitors (such as p21 and p16) and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). For decades, researchers have hypothesized that although cellular senescence can act as an anti-tumor mechanism, it may also contribute to aging and age-related degeneration. Senescent cells have been shown to accumulate in some aged tissues in both mice and humans, and their role in driving aging has been long and widely debated. Following earlier promising work on cellular senescence in prematurely aged mice, a groundbreaking 2016 study in the laboratory of van Deursen at the Mayo Clinic showed that genetic ablation of p16-expressing senescent cells in normal mice extends both lifespan (by 24–27%) and healthspan³. It demonstrated that eliminating senescent cells could have therapeutic benefits in normally aged mammals, which sparked interest in pharmacologically targeting senescent cells — especially with senolytic compounds that aim to selectively eliminate them.