Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics and medium-term kidney outcomes in adults with mixed class III/IV with class V and pure proliferative lupus nephritis in a developing country.

Abstract

Objective: To compare clinicopathological characteristics and medium-term outcomes in patients with pure proliferative lupus nephritis (PPLN) or co-existence of proliferative lupus nephritis (PLN) with class V, termed mixed PLN (MPLN) in terms of remission, requirement of kidney replacement therapy (KRT), and patient survival.

Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on biopsy-proven PLN cases diagnosed between 1998 and 2018, at the Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT), and followed at the kidney clinic for a minimum of 5 years. All patients were sub-classified as PPLN (class III or IV alone), and MPLN (class III+V or class IV+V) based on the 2003 International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) classification system. The clinicopathological findings and medium-term kidney outcomes of the two groups were compared.

Results: In total, 207 patients with PLN were identified: 152 (73.43%) with PPLN and 55 (26.57%) with MPLN. The cohort was predominantly female (88.9%), with a mean age of 26.63 ± 8.61 years. MPLN patients had a significantly greater degree of nephrotic-range proteinuria (4.46 ± 3.87 vs. 3.20 ± 2.77, p = 0.048) with predominant diffuse proliferative pattern (94.54 vs. 69.73%, p < 0.001). Remission rates were slightly lower in MPLN (81.8 vs. 88.1%, p > 0.05), and more MPLN patients progressed to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) (21.8 vs. 17.1%, p = 0.18) and experienced increased mortality (14.5 vs. 13.1%, p = 0.36). Five-year kidney survival was 63.63% in MPLN versus 69.73% in PPLN (log-rank: p = 0.39), though it was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: No statistically significant differences were found between histological categories of PLN in terms of remission, progression to ESKD, or mortality.