Evaluating the effectiveness of protected areas in preserving ecosystem processes via remote Sensing: A review

Abstract

Evaluating the effectiveness of protected areas (PAs) in preserving ecosystem processes remains a major scientific challenge. This study reviews the application of remote sensing techniques in assessing PA effectiveness, analyzing publication trends, key contributors, and methodological approaches from 1988 to 2022. A bibliometric and systematic review approach was conducted using the Scopus database, employing co-occurrence network analysis, citation analysis, and statistical assessments. The results indicate a substantial increase in research activity, with 874 publications identified, reflecting an annual growth rate of 14.92%. China (27.1% of publications), the U.S. (26.5%), and the U.K. (9.15%) lead global contributions. Remote sensing, mainly using Landsat (60% of studies), MODIS, and Sentinel imagery, has been instrumental in evaluating deforestation, land-use change, and ecosystem integrity within PAs. The most analyzed PA types were national parks, reserves, and forests, with significant threats including deforestation, fires, and land-use conversion. Despite research expansion, uncertainties persist regarding PA effectiveness, with many areas failing to prevent biodiversity loss due to external pressures. The study highlights that while remote sensing has significantly advanced PA monitoring, it is often limited by a lack of integration with socio-economic and ecological dimensions. Future research should focus on interdisciplinary approaches, incorporating high-resolution remote sensing data and adaptive management strategies to enhance conservation outcomes. Strengthening international collaboration and refining methodologies will improve protected areas’ long-term resilience and effectiveness.