Advanced microscopy probes for geomaterials – Current state of the art and future perspectives

Joe Stickland , Laurenz Schröer , Florian Buyse , Alexandra Guedes , Håvard Haugen , Ragnvald Mathiesen , Dag W. Breiby , Veerle Cnudde , Basab Chattopadhyay
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Abstract

Geomaterials form the basis of our planet. With structural features spanning from the nanometre- to the continental-scale, geomaterials possess a complex but fascinating hierarchical structure that allows us to investigate their formation’s associated physical, chemical, and biological processes. Geomaterials provide us insights into the formation and evolution of the Earth as well as the origin of life as preserved in fossilised remains of microorganisms. Microscopy is perhaps the most powerful tool that helps us to appreciate and understand geomaterials. With rapid advances in experimental science during the last several decades, we can now image internal structures and follow internal dynamic processes in real-time in three dimensions (3D). A wide range of current 3D imaging methodologies have emerged that help us understand and observe geomaterials’ relevant structural features. Attenuation-based 3D X-ray tomography is the most used micro-scale technique, which can be paired with complementary techniques to highlight more features and details within geomaterials. This review documents the relevant complementary microscopy modalities: phase contrast and diffraction contrast X-ray tomography, neutron tomography and electron tomography, and other methods like atom probe tomography and chemical- and structural-specific Raman imaging. This review article aims to provide an overview of a wide range of microscopy methodologies (for researchers) and the insight that can be garnered from their use with geomaterials.
地质材料的高级显微探针。目前的技术状况和未来的展望
地质材料构成了我们星球的基础。地质材料具有从纳米尺度到大陆尺度的结构特征,具有复杂而迷人的分层结构,使我们能够研究其形成的相关物理、化学和生物过程。地质材料为我们提供了对地球形成和演化的见解,以及保存在微生物化石遗骸中的生命起源。显微镜也许是帮助我们欣赏和理解地质材料的最有力的工具。在过去的几十年里,随着实验科学的快速发展,我们现在可以在三维(3D)中实时成像内部结构并跟踪内部动态过程。目前已经出现了广泛的3D成像方法,可以帮助我们理解和观察地质材料的相关结构特征。基于衰减的3D x射线断层扫描是最常用的微尺度技术,它可以与互补技术配对,以突出更多的特征和细节在地质材料中。本文综述了相关的互补显微镜方法:相衬和衍射对比x射线断层扫描,中子断层扫描和电子断层扫描,以及其他方法,如原子探针断层扫描和化学和结构特异性拉曼成像。这篇综述文章的目的是提供一个广泛的显微镜方法的概述(为研究人员)和见解,可以从他们与地质材料的使用中获得。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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