An all-atom force field for MD simulations on organosulfur and organohalogen active pharmaceutical ingredients developed from experimental sublimation enthalpies and single crystal X-ray diffraction data†

Abstract

An all-atom force field for MD simulations on crystalline Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) containing sulfur and halogens was developed and tested. Validation was performed by comparing the MD results with enthalpies of sublimation experimentally determined by Calvet microcalorimetry and reported single crystal X-ray diffraction data. The test set consisted of sulfanilamide, sulfapyridine, chlorzoxazone, clioquinol, and triclosan. The development was incremental. The OPLS-AA model was taken as the starting point. Then dihedral parameters missing in the OPLS-AA database were obtained from PES data computed at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory. Finally, several methods to determine atomic point charges were tested and a procedure based on the ChelpG methodology, with the inclusion of X-sites mimicking the σ-hole in the case of iodine, was found to provide the best overall accuracy in terms of unit cell dimensions and enthalpy of sublimation predictions.