Martensitic to stainless steel gradient by laser-based directed energy deposition: Effect of thermal history on microstructure and hardness

IF 6.8 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

Journal of Manufacturing Processes Pub Date : 2025-06-27 DOI:10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.06.030

Cole Britt , Zi-Kui Liu , Allison M. Beese , Jayme Keist

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Abstract

This study presents the effects of laser-based directed energy deposition additive manufacturing processing conditions on local variations in microstructure and hardness across a sample graded from high-strength martensitic steel AF9628 to stainless steel 316L. Hardness was shown to decrease with increasing height in regions of constant composition. As the sample graded from AF9628 to stainless steel 316L, the phases changed gradually from martensite to austenite as expected, with austenite forming preferentially at solidification cell walls due to elemental segregation. Varying amounts of tempering were observed from varying heat accumulation along the height of the part and from processing pauses during fabrication. This study demonstrates how spatial variations in thermal history during functionally graded material (FGM) fabrication can affect intrinsic tempering of previous layers leading to significant variations in properties throughout a part and highlights the importance and complexity of path planning for FGM component fabrication.

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激光定向能沉积马氏体到不锈钢的梯度：热历史对显微组织和硬度的影响

本研究展示了激光定向能沉积增材制造工艺条件对从高强度马氏体钢AF9628到不锈钢316L渐变试样微观结构和硬度局部变化的影响。在成分不变的区域，硬度随高度的增加而降低。随着AF9628向316L不锈钢的渐变，相逐渐由马氏体向奥氏体转变，且由于元素偏析，奥氏体优先在凝固细胞壁处形成。从沿零件高度的不同热量积累和制造过程中的加工暂停中观察到不同数量的回火。该研究表明，在功能梯度材料（FGM）制造过程中，热历史的空间变化如何影响前一层的内在回火，从而导致整个部件的性能发生显著变化，并强调了FGM组件制造路径规划的重要性和复杂性。

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来源期刊

Journal of Manufacturing Processes ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING-

CiteScore

10.20

自引率

11.30%

发文量

833

审稿时长

50 days

期刊介绍： The aim of the Journal of Manufacturing Processes (JMP) is to exchange current and future directions of manufacturing processes research, development and implementation, and to publish archival scholarly literature with a view to advancing state-of-the-art manufacturing processes and encouraging innovation for developing new and efficient processes. The journal will also publish from other research communities for rapid communication of innovative new concepts. Special-topic issues on emerging technologies and invited papers will also be published.