Advancements in Magnesium Applications, Biocompatible Implants to Nanoparticles in Medicine and Biomedical Innovations

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg), an essential mineral in human physiology, has emerged as a foundational element for next-generation biomaterials. Conventional metallic materials such as stainless steel, zinc-rich alloys, cobalt-based alloys, and titanium alloys often present limitations, including stress-shielding effects and the release of hypothetically harmful metal ions. On that account, Mg-based bioactive materials have garnered significant attention due to their critical functions in enzymatic reactions and degradational activity during tissue healing. Researchers have been actively developing and characterizing Mg-based biomaterials with tailored compositions to precisely regulate degradation kinetics, biodegradability, and tissue regeneration potential to revolutionize surgical procedures. However, the uncontrolled degradation of Mg can lead to premature loss of mechanical integrity, excessive release of metal ions, and excessive hydrogen gas evolution in peri-implant tissues, all of which can compromise biocompatibility and implant functionality. To address these limitations, innovative protective strategies such as surface coatings and alloying modifications have been discussed for their role in enhancing the durability and biocompatibility of Mg-based implants. This review further highlights the emerging field of magnesium nanoparticles, showcasing their biocompatibility and tunable release properties, making them promising candidates in targeted drug delivery, bioimaging, and wound healing applications. Furthermore, the anticancer potential of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles is investigated, with particular emphasis on their ability to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis, thereby opening novel prospects in oncological research and therapy. In conclusion, this comprehensive analysis accentuates diverse applications and promising avenues of Mg in medicine and biomedical sciences. By exploring its role as a biomaterial, advancements in implant technology, protective layers, and nanoparticle-based systems, this contribution underscores the capacity of Mg to drive innovative medical solutions and interestingly contribute to improved patient outcomes and healthcare advancements.