Performance of machine learning algorithms to evaluate the physico-mechanical properties of nanoparticle panels

Abstract

Nanoparticles significantly enhance the properties of wood-based materials, especially particleboards and wood panels. This review analyzes secondary data on nanoparticle integration in board production, aiming to evaluate the relationships among physical (water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS)) and mechanical (modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE); and internal bond (IB) strength) properties and to predict performance using machine learning (ML) algorithms. These algorithms include Pearson correlation, hierarchical clustering, and decision tree (DT) models. Results indicate that nanoparticles such as graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), hydrolysis lignin, and calcium carbonate improve mechanical properties, with MOR values of 27.38–52.65 MPa and MOE of 2591.6–4680 MPa, meeting EN312 load-bearing standards. Zinc oxide nanoparticles yield superior dimensional stability by achieving a low TS of 9.33%. However, according to the American National Standard for Particleboard (ANSI/A208.1-1999), most nanoparticle boards produced met general-purpose standards except for WA and TS, which exceeded the maximum limits of 8% and 3%, respectively. Only crosslinked chitosan and zinc oxide nanoparticle panels meet the minimum requirements for TS (17%) and the maximum MOR (11.00 MPa) and MOE (1,800.00 MPa) for general purposes in dry conditions (furniture and interior fitments) according to the Brazilian standard (ABNT NBR). The Pearson correlation analysis reveals a strong relationship between board properties (R = 0.94 for WA–TS; R = 0.93 for MOR–MOE), confirming that nanoparticle treatments enhance performance while maintaining inherent material behavior. Hierarchical clustering grouped nanoparticles by performance: zinc oxide and chitosan+UF+epoxy formed a cluster with the lowest WA and TS, indicating optimal dimensional stability, while GO, rGO, and chitosan-based composites clustered with moderate values. For mechanical properties, APTES-modified nanocellulose, aluminum oxide, and zinc oxide formed a high-performance cluster (high MOR, MOE, IB). DT algorithms demonstrated high predictive accuracy (R${}^2=0.92$ for WA-TS, 0.96 for MOR-MOE, and 0.80 for IB-MOE), identifying critical thresholds: WA below 29.73% corresponded to minimal TS (9.94%), MOR above 38.18 MPa led to MOE above 3598.86 MPa, and IB above 0.88 MPa corresponds to MOE greater than 2,747.99 MPa. This data-driven framework enables targeted nanoparticle selection to fabricate engineered wood products and can be included in industry quality control standards to advance sustainable material development through ML-guided optimization.