Photodynamic antibacterial therapy by metal complex mediators: A new promise for eliminating drug-Resistant infectious microorganisms

Abstract

Photodynamic treatment (PDT), a minimally invasive therapeutic technique, produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) that particularly damage cells by combining light energy with a photosensitizing agent. Although PDT was initially developed for oncology, it has demonstrated significant promise in the treatment of drug-resistant bacterial infections. The proliferation of drug-resistant bacteria poses a severe threat to public health, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. With the lack of new antibacterial drugs (e.g., antibiotics) coming to the clinics, efforts have focused on creating substitute methods. One such method is antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), a light-, oxygen-, and non-toxic photosensitizer dye-based system that assists in generating cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. Certain metal complexes, such as those of platinum and copper (II), have been identified to be promising as photosensitizers due to their unique electronic structures. However, copper complexes, while interesting, typically display ROS formation under specific conditions and are not effective under all PDT treatments. With emphasis on metal complex utilization in antimicrobial therapy, this study describes the principles, clinical application, and history of photodynamic therapy (PDT) by destroying the membranes that surround bacterial cells and inhibiting enzymatic. These metal-based photosensitizers present a new and efficient way to combat antibiotic resistance by triggering oxidative stress and triggering new processes. An important development in antimicrobial therapy is using metal complexes in PDT regimens, which promise increased efficacy and selectivity. A nanomaterial-based photodynamic antibacterial synergistic method is described at length relative to the lethal potential of bacteria. A PDT antibacterial multiple synergistic method using a nanomaterial-based approach augmented with a suitably increased temperature diminishes cellular activity and increases cell sensitivity towards ROS, allowing for effortless inactivation. Drug-resistant bacterial infections are a global concern that will require the focus of future research to optimize these complexes for clinical application.