Integrating Knowledge of Modifiable and Non-modifiable Risk Factors: A Comprehensive Framework for Breast Cancer Prevention Practices in Women.

Abstract

Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among women worldwide, with mortality rates disproportionately high in less-developed regions. Effective prevention strategies, including educational initiatives, are crucial. This study explores a comprehensive framework for breast cancer prevention by examining the relationship between awareness of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and knowledge of preventive practices among women over 20 years of age. A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted from January to June 2022 at a Mexican first-contact center on the Mexico-USA border. A convenience sample of 504 women aged ≥ 20 was surveyed using a self-completed questionnaire covering socio-demographic data, epidemiological data, and questions related to modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors and prevention practices. The sample had a mean age of 41.46 years. Most participants had no family history of breast cancer (77.8%), lived with a partner (73.4%), had children (84.9%), and had breastfed (70.8%). The multiple regression model significantly predicted knowledge of preventive practices (F[8, 495] = 8.793, p < 0.001, adj. R² = 0.110), with knowledge of non-modifiable risks, having children, and breastfeeding contributing significantly. Awareness of non-modifiable risk factors was higher than that of modifiable factors, but overall knowledge of both factors and preventive actions remained low. Effective prevention programs for breast cancer must be grounded in a comprehensive understanding of both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, which are essential for designing strategies to address the global burden of the disease. The findings underscore the lack of knowledge about modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors which reduce the possibilities for improving breast cancer prevention. Future research should prioritize investigating the causal relationship between risk factor awareness and preventive behaviors, while also developing targeted interventions. These initiatives should be adaptable to diverse demographic and cultural contexts to ensure broad applicability and impact.