Advancing the 15th SDG: G20 Nations' Progress in Protecting Life on Land Through Circular Economy Strategies

Abstract

Life on land is vital for biodiversity conservation, climate regulation, and sustainable development, reinforcing the 15th Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). This study assesses the efficiency and productivity of G20 nations in advancing the 15th SDG within the circular economy (CE) framework from 2016 to 2019. We hypothesize that CE strategies enhance progress toward this SDG. Gross domestic product (GDP) and territorial surface were inputs, while total natural resource rents, protected land areas, aboveground biomass in forests, and the average proportion of key freshwater biodiversity areas covered by protected areas were outputs. Methodologically, we conducted an econometric validation of inputs and outputs, followed by efficiency assessment through data envelopment analysis (DEA) and productivity measurement via the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI). Results showed varying performances among G20 nations. The United Kingdom, Italy, France, South Korea, and Germany were efficient among developed nations, while Turkey, Indonesia, Brazil, Argentina, and South Africa led among emerging economies. These findings suggest G20 nations have potential for improvement by adopting environmental policies aligned with SDG guidelines and CE principles. However, results showed no significant productivity gains, aligning with efficiency trends that declined over time. Thus, all G20 nations must reassess their strategies to enhance efficiency and productivity, ensuring meaningful progress toward the 15th SDG.