Biomechanics of the Meniscus and Meniscal Injury

Abstract

The menisci play a fundamental role in knee joint biomechanics, facilitating load distribution, joint stability, lubrication, and proprioception. Injury to the meniscus disrupts these functions, leading to altered joint mechanics, increased contact pressures, and a heightened risk of osteoarthritis. This review explores the biomechanical properties of the meniscus, the consequences of root, radial and horizontal cleavage tears and how treatment strategies influence contact mechanics and long-term joint health. While the evidence strongly supports repair over meniscectomy whenever feasible, challenges remain in managing degenerative tears and preventing osteoarthritis progression. Advances in surgical techniques and rehabilitation strategies continue to refine treatment approaches, focusing on maximizing repair strength while allowing for controlled early mobilization. A deeper understanding of meniscal biomechanics is essential for optimizing surgical treatment, guiding rehabilitation and promoting long-term joint health.