Rachel Lobay , Ajitesh Srivastava , Ryan J. Tibshirani , Daniel J. McDonald
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
The timing and magnitude of COVID-19 infections are of interest to the public and to public health, but these are challenging to ascertain due to the volume of undetected asymptomatic cases and reporting delays. Accurate estimates of COVID-19 infections based on finalized data can improve understanding of the pandemic and provide more meaningful quantification of disease patterns and burden. Therefore, we retrospectively estimate daily incident infections for each U.S. state prior to Omicron. To this end, reported COVID-19 cases are deconvolved to their likely date of infection onset using delay distributions estimated from the CDC line list. Then, a novel serology-driven model is used to scale these deconvolved cases to account for the unreported infections. The resulting infection estimates incorporate variant-specific incubation periods, reinfections, and waning antigenic immunity. They clearly demonstrate that reported cases failed to reflect the full extent of disease burden in all states. Most notably, infections were severely underreported during the Delta wave, with an estimated reporting rate as low as 6.3% in New Jersey, 7.3% in Maryland, and 8.4% in Nevada. Moreover, in 44 states, fewer than 1/3 of infections eventually appeared as case reports, and there were sustained periods where surges in infections were virtually undetectable through reported cases. This pattern was clearly illustrated by North and South Dakota during the spring of 2021, as well as by several Northeastern states during the Delta wave of late summer that year. While reported cases offered a convenient proxy of disease burden, they failed to capture the full extent of infections and severely underestimated the true disease burden. Our retrospective analysis also estimates other important quantities for every state, including variant-specific deconvolved cases, time-varying case ascertainment ratios, as well as infection-hospitalization and infection-fatality ratios.
期刊介绍:
Epidemics publishes papers on infectious disease dynamics in the broadest sense. Its scope covers both within-host dynamics of infectious agents and dynamics at the population level, particularly the interaction between the two. Areas of emphasis include: spread, transmission, persistence, implications and population dynamics of infectious diseases; population and public health as well as policy aspects of control and prevention; dynamics at the individual level; interaction with the environment, ecology and evolution of infectious diseases, as well as population genetics of infectious agents.