Anatomy of the pituitary gland

Abstract

The pituitary gland, historically misconceived as a structure devoted to mucus excretion, has undergone centuries of anatomical and functional reinterpretation. From the ancient humoral theories of Galen to the molecular frameworks of modern embryology, this review offers a comprehensive historical and anatomical overview of the gland. Emphasis is placed on the evolution of terminology, the gland’s dual embryologic origin, intricate vascularization, and topographic organization within the sella turcica. Clarifying historical controversies and integrating developmental, surgical, and neuroendocrine perspectives, this work proposes a harmonized anatomical and terminological framework in accordance with modern neuroanatomical standards. This review aims to clarify the developed vascular structure and histology of the pituitary gland, which is responsible for the complex processes involved in traumatic brain injury (TBI).