Methylglyoxal-induced RNA modifications decrease RNA stability and translation and are associated with type 2 diabetes

Abstract

Objectives

Methylglyoxal (MG), a reactive aldehyde generated as a byproduct of glucose and lipid metabolism, is known to modify nucleic acids and proteins, altering their structure and function. While MG-induced DNA and protein adducts have been extensively studied and associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its complications, the formation, biological relevance, and functional consequences of MG-induced RNA adducts remain poorly understood. This study aimed to define the chemical structures of MG-derived RNA adducts, assess their presence in clinical samples, and determine their impact on RNA stability and translation.

Methods

We employed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and other spectroscopic techniques to characterize MG-induced RNA adducts formed in vitro and in biological samples. RNA was isolated from cultured cells and clinical urine specimens from individuals with and without T2D. RNA stability and translation were assessed using firefly luciferase reporter mRNAs modified with MG in cell-based assays.

Results

In vitro MG treatment resulted in the formation of an unstable product, tentatively identified as N²-(1,2-dihydroxy-2-methyl)ethano-guanosine (cMG-guanosine), and two stable adducts: N²-(1-carboxyethyl)-guanosine (CEG) and N²-(1-carboxyethyl)-7–1-hydroxy-2-oxopropyl-guanosine (MG-CEG). In cellular RNA and urine from patients, only the stereoisomers of CEG were detected. CEG levels were significantly elevated in patients with T2D compared to controls and showed a stronger association with T2D than the DNA adduct N²-(1-carboxyethyl)-deoxyguanosine (CEdG). Furthermore, CEG levels were higher in T2D patients who had developed complications compared to those without complications. Functionally, MG-modified luciferase mRNA exhibited decreased stability and reduced translational efficiency relative to unmodified mRNA.

Conclusions

This study provides the first structural and functional characterization of MG-induced RNA adducts and demonstrates their accumulation in individuals with T2D, particularly in those with disease complications. These findings highlight RNA MG-adducts as clinically relevant epitranscriptomic modifications that may contribute to RNA destabilization and impaired translation, suggesting a novel molecular mechanism by which metabolic stress may exacerbate disease progression.