Recent advancements in nickel- tin and nickel supported non-transition elements-based catalysts in biomass derived furfural conversions

Abstract

It is essential for biomass hydrogenation to find highly dispersed non-precious metals and non-metal catalysts. In this review, we focused on nickel-based catalysts, which are widely used in the of varied types of organics like furfural. Here, Ni-Sn alloy, Ni single-atoms catalysis and Ni-supported different non-transition elements like carbon, phosphorus, oxygen, organic clay, zeolite, aluminium, gallium and rare earth metals lanthanum and cerium. Most components are cost-effective and satisfy ecological concerns. All catalysts are reusable and easily recovered from the reaction system. The current situation of sustainable energy production is very crucial for both bio-waste management and environmental needs. In this case, making nickel-based catalysts that work well not only improves the process but also helps reach the larger goal of finding long-term energy solutions. By optimising these catalysts, researchers aim to minimise waste and maximise resource utilisation, paving the way for a greener future.