Questionable role of opioids for analgesia in renal colic and its urological interventions

Abstract

Objectives

To review the different analgesic modalities and benefits of non-opioid pain management options as well as their evidence-based, established superiority, compared to opioid medications.

Materials

We review the updated literature about pain management of renal colic, a prevalent and painful urologic condition. Prescribers must know the efficacy, safety and possible ramifications of analgesic selections.

Results

Commonly prescribed medications in the United States (US) include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, and opioids. In the context of the current epidemic of death from overdoses of opioids in the US, the frequency of opioid prescribing for renal colic is likely excessive, problematic and potentially remediable. We also present analgesic modalities revolving around interventions with peri-procedural pain management for ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. After touching on the implications of misguided opioid use, especially in the context of kidney stone disease, and despite the evidence and consensus guidelines supporting NSAIDs in renal colic, current evidence has shown that many clinicians continue to prescribe opioids as first-line treatment. Finally, we highlight current efforts targeted at the reduction of opioid use and prescription in the setting of provider education and decision aids in curbing misguided opioid use in renal colic.

Conclusions

While the evidence against treating kidney stones with opioids is clear, more work is needed to shift current practices to reflect that renal colic is a non-opioid-requiring condition.