"Restless Nights, Stressed Hearts": The Link Between Sleep Disorders and Takotsubo Syndrome-A Comprehensive Review.

Abstract

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), also known as stress-induced cardiomyopathy or "broken heart syndrome", is characterized by transient left ventricular dysfunction, often triggered by emotional or physical stress. Emerging evidence suggests that sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and sleep disruption may play a significant role in the pathophysiology and exacerbation of TTS. This review explores the influence of conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), insomnia, and other sleep disturbances on the onset and progression of TTS. SDB, particularly OSA, is marked by repetitive episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep, leading to intermittent hypoxia and increased sympathetic nervous system activity. These physiological changes can trigger or exacerbate TTS by promoting myocardial stress and impairing autonomic regulation. Insomnia and other forms of sleep disruption also contribute to heightened sympathetic activity and elevated stress hormone levels, which may precipitate TTS in susceptible individuals. Thus, this review synthesizes current research on the mechanisms linking sleep disturbances to TTS, highlighting the impact of nocturnal hypoxia, sleep fragmentation, and autonomic dysregulation. Moreover, this review discusses the clinical implications of these findings, emphasizing the need to screen and manage sleep disorders in patients with or at risk of TTS. Addressing sleep disturbances through therapeutic interventions may reduce the incidence and recurrence of TTS, offering a novel approach to managing this condition. In conclusion, this review underscores the importance of recognizing and treating SDB and sleep disruption as potential contributors to Takotsubo syndrome. Future research should focus on elucidating the precise mechanisms involved and determining effective strategies for integrating sleep management into the care of patients with TTS.