Prospective Association Between Sarcopenia and Long-Term Risk of Hospitalization for Infection: A Cohort Study

Abstract

Objectives

The relationship between sarcopenia and the long-term risk of hospitalization for infectious diseases is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate this relationship using a large prospective Caucasian cohort from the UK Biobank.

Design

This is a large prospective cohort study.

Setting and Participants

Using the UK Biobank data, participants were assessed for handgrip strength and appendicular lean mass at baseline and categorized into the non-sarcopenia, probable sarcopenia, and sarcopenia groups. A total of 243,097 participants (mean age, 55.64 years; 52.7% female) were enrolled in this study; 12,982 (5.3%) had probable sarcopenia and 312 (0.1%) had sarcopenia.

Methods

Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between sarcopenia and subsequent hospitalizations for infections. The long-term risk of hospitalization for infections in different sarcopenia statuses was also examined.

Results

During the follow-up period (median, 13.54 years), 26,769 participants were hospitalized for infections, of whom 2357 (8.8%) had probable sarcopenia and 60 (0.2%) had sarcopenia. In the fully adjusted model, sarcopenia [hazard ratio (HR), 1.62; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.25–2.08] and probable sarcopenia (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.34–1.47) at baseline were prospectively associated with the risk of hospitalization for any infection. Sarcopenia was strongly associated with gastrointestinal infections (HR, 2.69; 95% CI, 1.27–5.68), whereas probable sarcopenia was associated with liver infections (HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.22–2.54). The average numbers of hospitalizations for infection were significantly higher in the probable sarcopenia and sarcopenia groups than in the non-sarcopenia group (P < .001 and P < .020, respectively). No significant difference was observed between the probable and confirmed sarcopenia groups (P = .684).

Conclusions and Implications

Sarcopenia may help identify people at risk of hospitalization for infections, supporting the strategies for enhancing infection prevention among individuals with sarcopenia.