Harnessing Dynamic Supramolecular Interactions for Lanthanide Detection via Computational Pattern Recognition of Magnetic Resonance Fingerprints

Abstract

The reliance of modern technology growth on lanthanides presents dual challenges: securing sustainable sources from natural or recycled materials and reducing environmental harm from waste discharge. However, the similar ionic radii, oxidation states, and binding affinities of Ln³⁺ ions hinder their nondestructive detection in mixtures. Furthermore, the overlap of spectroscopic signals and the inapplicability for opaque solutions limit the harness of luminescent sensors for differentiating one Ln³⁺ from another. Here, we introduce ¹⁹F-paramagnetic guest exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance fingerprinting (¹⁹F-paraGEST MRF), a rapid signal acquisition, encoding, and analysis approach for detecting specific Ln³⁺ in mixtures. Based on a small-sized experimental ¹⁹F-paraGEST data set, we generated a de novo dictionary of ∼2500 combinations of Ln³⁺ mixtures, resulting in ∼7,000,000 simulated ¹⁹F-paraGEST MRF patterns of different Ln³⁺ concentrations. This dictionary was later used for computational pattern recognition of experimental NMR signal evolutions (“fingerprints”), utilizing a rapid computational approach executable on a standard laptop within seconds. Hence, fast and reliable multiplexed lanthanide detection in complex mixtures was enabled. Demonstrated through the analysis of lanthanides’ content of permanent magnets from a hard disk drive, this MR-based method paves the way for broader applications of lanthanide detection in murky, nontransparent mixtures and further exploration of supramolecular sensors in diverse scenarios.