Flight initiation distance is repeatable and geographically flexible in greylag geese Anser anser

IF 1.8 3区 生物学 Q1 ORNITHOLOGY
Andrew C. Katsis, Lauren K. Common, Jonas Lesigang, Avila Bold, Marie Fröhlich, Jana-Marie Schmincke, Didone Frigerio, Sonia Kleindorfer
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The decision to flee from an approaching threat represents a trade-off between the costs and benefits of flight. In research to date, particular interest has been given to the effects of urbanisation on predator escape behaviour. However, these differences are most often studied at the population rather than individual level, which makes it difficult to disentangle whether site-specific differences in predator avoidance are due to behavioural plasticity or non-random distribution of behavioural phenotypes. In this study, we measured flight initiation distances – a widely used proxy for fearfulness or boldness – in a free-roaming, human-habituated, and colour-banded population of greylag geese Anser anser. First, we tested whether individuals flexibly adjusted their flight initiation distance based on environmental context by approaching the same individuals at two sites with different levels of human presence. Second, we examined whether flock members show consistent differences in their flight initiation distance towards unfamiliar humans. Our results suggest that greylag geese can adjust their behaviour based on environmental context and show individual differences in flight initiation distance that are consistent both within and across years. When individuals regularly move between foraging sites, establishing site-specific responses to potential threats may allow them to optimise their escape response and thereby avoid unnecessary energetic and opportunity costs.

Keywords: Anser anser, behavioural plasticity, boldness, escape behaviour, flight initiation distance

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灰雁的起始飞行距离是可重复的,在地理上是灵活的
从即将到来的威胁中逃离的决定代表了飞行成本和收益之间的权衡。在迄今为止的研究中,人们对城市化对捕食者逃跑行为的影响特别感兴趣。然而,这些差异通常是在种群而不是个体水平上进行研究的,这使得很难弄清捕食者回避的地点特异性差异是由于行为可塑性还是行为表型的非随机分布。在这项研究中,我们测量了自由漫游、人类习惯和彩色条纹的灰雁Anser Anser种群的飞行起始距离——一种广泛用于恐惧或大胆的代理。首先,我们通过在两个不同人类存在水平的地点接近相同的个体,测试了个体是否根据环境背景灵活调整其飞行起始距离。其次,我们研究了鸟群成员对不熟悉的人的飞行起始距离是否表现出一致的差异。我们的研究结果表明,灰雁可以根据环境背景调整自己的行为,并在飞行起始距离上表现出个体差异,这种差异在年内和跨年都是一致的。当个体经常在觅食地点之间移动时,建立针对潜在威胁的特定地点反应可以使它们优化逃跑反应,从而避免不必要的能量和机会成本。关键词:应答者应答者,行为可塑性,大胆度,逃跑行为,起飞距离
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Journal of Avian Biology
Journal of Avian Biology 生物-鸟类学
CiteScore
3.70
自引率
0.00%
发文量
56
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Journal of Avian Biology publishes empirical and theoretical research in all areas of ornithology, with an emphasis on behavioural ecology, evolution and conservation.
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