{"title":"Unique associative patterns of adolescents’ perceptions of mothers’ and father’s parenting in relation to inhibition and cognitive flexibility","authors":"Shameem Fatima","doi":"10.1016/j.cogdev.2025.101585","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Earlier research suggests that the development of executive functions is susceptible to positive and negative parenting practices in childhood and adolescence. However, boys and girls may differ in their perceptions of rewarding and punitive parenting by mothers and fathers. The present study extends this focus to assess the interaction between adolescents’ perceptions of mothers’ and fathers’ rewarding and punitive parenting and adolescent gender to predict two core executive functions namely inhibition and cognitive flexibility. Adolescents’ reports of rewarding and punitive parenting were obtained from a sample of Pakistani adolescents (<em>N</em> = 352; <em>M</em><sub>age</sub> = 14.52, SD = 1.08 years, 54.3 % boys, 45.7 % girls) who also performed on executive functions tasks. Findings from correlational and moderated regression analyses showed that adolescents’ perceptions of mother’s and father’s punitive parenting were significantly correlated with inhibition inefficiency for girls but not boys. Likewise, fathers’ rewarding and mothers’ punitive parenting significantly predicted inhibition inaccuracy for only girls. However, the effect sizes in all these moderation analyses were low. Adolescents’ perceptions of rewarding parenting by mothers and fathers were similarly associated with cognitive flexibility for boys and girls. The findings suggest that punitive parenting is likely a negative factor for inhibition among adolescents, particularly girls. In contrast, rewarding parenting is a protective factor for cognitive flexibility for both girls and boys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51422,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Development","volume":"75 ","pages":"Article 101585"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Cognitive Development","FirstCategoryId":"102","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0885201425000449","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Earlier research suggests that the development of executive functions is susceptible to positive and negative parenting practices in childhood and adolescence. However, boys and girls may differ in their perceptions of rewarding and punitive parenting by mothers and fathers. The present study extends this focus to assess the interaction between adolescents’ perceptions of mothers’ and fathers’ rewarding and punitive parenting and adolescent gender to predict two core executive functions namely inhibition and cognitive flexibility. Adolescents’ reports of rewarding and punitive parenting were obtained from a sample of Pakistani adolescents (N = 352; Mage = 14.52, SD = 1.08 years, 54.3 % boys, 45.7 % girls) who also performed on executive functions tasks. Findings from correlational and moderated regression analyses showed that adolescents’ perceptions of mother’s and father’s punitive parenting were significantly correlated with inhibition inefficiency for girls but not boys. Likewise, fathers’ rewarding and mothers’ punitive parenting significantly predicted inhibition inaccuracy for only girls. However, the effect sizes in all these moderation analyses were low. Adolescents’ perceptions of rewarding parenting by mothers and fathers were similarly associated with cognitive flexibility for boys and girls. The findings suggest that punitive parenting is likely a negative factor for inhibition among adolescents, particularly girls. In contrast, rewarding parenting is a protective factor for cognitive flexibility for both girls and boys.
期刊介绍:
Cognitive Development contains the very best empirical and theoretical work on the development of perception, memory, language, concepts, thinking, problem solving, metacognition, and social cognition. Criteria for acceptance of articles will be: significance of the work to issues of current interest, substance of the argument, and clarity of expression. For purposes of publication in Cognitive Development, moral and social development will be considered part of cognitive development when they are related to the development of knowledge or thought processes.