Melanoma and Colorectal Cancer as Second Primary Cancers: A Scoping Review of Their Association and the Underlying Biological, Lifestyle, and Genetic Factors.

Abstract

Purpose: Second primary cancers (SPCs) are independent primary cancers that develop separately from pre-existing malignancies, distinct from metastasis or recurrence. This study aims to review the current literature and analyse the association between melanoma and colorectal cancer (CRC), as well as the factors contributing to the development of these SPCs.

Methods: A scoping review was conducted, including 21 independent studies. Patient data from these studies were analysed and reviewed alongside relevant biological and lifestyle factors.

Results: The studies reported standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) for a second primary colorectal cancer (CRC) following a melanoma diagnosis ranging from 0.62 to 1.55, while SIRs for a second primary melanoma following a CRC diagnosis ranged from 0.89 to 1.55. Males exhibited a higher risk of developing either CRC or melanoma as a second primary cancer (SPC). An inverse relationship between age and the development of CRC was observed, with younger individuals having a higher risk. African-American populations demonstrated a higher prevalence of melanoma and CRC as SPCs compared to Caucasian and other racial groups. Lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption, sun exposure, and the intake of red and processed meats were associated with an increased risk of developing melanoma or CRC. Genetic mutations in KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF were commonly implicated in the development of both melanoma and CRC, while mutations in CDKN2A and BRCA2 were specifically significant in melanoma.

Conclusion: The association between melanoma and CRC incidence was confirmed through analysis of current literature and is influenced by various biological, lifestyle, and genetic factors. Understanding these correlations is crucial for predicting the risk of SPCs and enhancing the follow-up care of melanoma and CRC survivors.