Linear Discriminant Analysis-Based Machine Learning and All-Atom Molecular Dynamics Simulations for Probing Electro-Osmotic Transport in Cationic-Polyelectrolyte-Brush-Grafted Nanochannels.

Abstract

Deciphering the correct mechanisms governing certain phenomena in polyelectrolyte (PE) brush grafted systems, revealed through atomistic simulations, is an extremely challenging problem. In a recent study, our all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed a nonlinearly large electroosmotic (EOS) flow (in the presence of an applied electric field) in nanochannels grafted with PMETAC [poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl trimethylammonium chloride] brushes. Given the lack of any formal procedure that would have directed us to identify the correct factors responsible for such an occurrence, we needed to devote several months to unraveling the involved mechanisms. In this letter, we propose a linear discriminant analysis (LDA)-based machine learning (ML) approach to address this gap. At first, we obtained data on certain basic features from the all-atom MD data. These basic features represent the number of atoms of a certain species around one atom of another (or the same) species. We obtain such data on basic features for a reference case (case of an EOS flow in PMETAC-brush-grafted nanochannels with a smaller electric field) and a perturbed case (case of an EOS flow in PMETAC-brush-grafted nanochannels with a larger electric field) in bins into which the nanochannel half height has been divided. These data sets are high-dimensional data sets to which the LDA is applied. This leads to the projection of the data (between the reference and the perturbed states) in a highly separated form on a 1D line. From such LDA calculations, we can identify the relative importance of the different basic features in ensuring this separation of the data (between the reference and the perturbed states) on the 1D line. The relative importance of the different basic features is quantified as "importance scores" for the different features, which, in turn, tell us what to study and where to study. Such knowledge enables us to rapidly identify the key factors responsible for the nonlinearly large EOS transport in PMETAC-brush-grafted nanochannels.