Non-commonly prescribed physical exercises, disciplines and sports in breast cancer survivors: a narrative review.

Abstract

Background and objective: Physical activity is widely acknowledged as a cornerstone in enhancing the quality of life and recovery outcomes in breast cancer survivors (BCSs). Despite robust guidelines emphasizing a multimodal approach combining aerobic, resistance, flexibility, and balance exercises, adherence to exercise prescriptions remains suboptimal. This narrative review aims to explore the effects of non-commonly prescribed physical exercises, disciplines, and sports to broaden options and improve adherence among BCS.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL, focusing on non-conventional physical exercises, disciplines, and sports published between January 2013 and November 2024. At the end of the screening phase, out of the initial 54,872 records, 27 studies were selected for inclusion in this narrative review. These studies examined dance-based exercises, functional training, horseback riding, water-based activities, dragon boating, fencing, rowing, and sailing, and were published between January 1, 2013, and November 10, 2024.

Key content and findings: Non-commonly prescribed physical exercises, disciplines, and sports demonstrated substantial benefits for BCSs, including reductions in anxiety, depression, fatigue, and lymphedema-related symptoms, alongside improvements in physical function, body image, and quality of life. Dance-based therapies and horseback riding enhanced psychophysical well-being through social and emotional engagement. Water-based and functional training improved muscle strength and flexibility with minimal adverse effects. Dragon boating, rowing, and fencing offered significant cardiovascular and musculoskeletal benefits, promoting endurance and lymphatic health. However, accessibility, customization, and proper supervision emerged as critical challenges limiting broader implementation.

Conclusions: Expanding exercise prescriptions to include non-traditional physical exercises, disciplines, and sports can address monotony, improve adherence, and cater to the diverse preferences of BCSs. A multidisciplinary approach involving oncologists, kinesiologists, and exercise specialists is vital to ensure safety and effectiveness. Tailored, patient-centered programs leveraging these alternative modalities may optimize outcomes and enhance the long-term well-being of BCSs.