{"title":"High Respiratory Effort During Invasive Pressure Support Ventilation","authors":"Anis Chaba MD , Joanna W.Y. Chow MBBS , Atthaphong Phongphithakchai MD , Wisam Al-Bassam MD , Fumitaka Yanase PhD , Zachary O’Brien MBBS , Glenn Eastwood PhD , Ahmad Bassam MD , Stefanos Hadzakis MD , Sofia Spano MD , Akinori Maeda MD , Lucinda Roberts MD , Rinaldo Bellomo PhD , Ary Serpa Neto PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.chstcc.2025.100147","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>High respiratory effort may be common in invasively ventilated patients receiving pressure support ventilation, but its epidemiologic characteristics are unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Research Question</h3><div>What are the epidemiologic characteristics of high respiratory efforts in critically ill patients, does agreement exist between high respiratory drive and high respiratory effort, what are clinician responses during such events, and what is the relationship between those with clinical parameters and outcomes?</div></div><div><h3>Study Design and Methods</h3><div>This clinician-masked, prospective, observational study in 2 centers measured the drop in airway pressure during the first 100 ms of an inspiratory effort with an occluded airway (P<sub>0.1</sub>), a validated noninvasive measure of respiratory drive, in patients receiving pressure support ventilation for > 24 hours. We also measured estimated respiratory muscle pressure (<sub>e</sub>P<sub>musc</sub>), a validated surrogate of inspiratory effort. We measured <sub>e</sub>P<sub>musc</sub> and P<sub>0.1</sub> twice daily.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 528 ventilated patients, 80 patients received pressure support ventilation for > 24 hours. Among them, 33 patients (41%) exhibited high respiratory effort, which was more common in COVID-19 ARDS, with 19 of such patients (58%) reached the predefined threshold vs 14 patients (27%) in the non-COVID-19 cohort (OR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.9-14.9; <em>P</em> = .001). Moreover, 36% of P<sub>0.1</sub> values were ≥ 4 cm H<sub>2</sub>O, indicating high respiratory drive. Moderate agreement was found between <sub>e</sub>P<sub>musc</sub> and P<sub>0.1</sub> measurements (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.65), suggesting significant discrepancies between those 2 parameters. Clinician-directed management based on usual clinical observations (but masked to P<sub>0.1</sub> and <sub>e</sub>P<sub>musc</sub>) rarely changed in the presence of high respiratory effort. Higher <sub>e</sub>P<sub>musc</sub> and its concomitant elevation with P<sub>0.1</sub> were associated with worse blood gas parameters and respiratory mechanics. A concomitant elevation of both <sub>e</sub>P<sub>musc</sub> and P<sub>0.1</sub> was associated independently with a decreased likelihood of being alive and ventilator-free up to day 28 (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.06-0.87; <em>P</em> = .037).</div></div><div><h3>Interpretation</h3><div>In this study, many critical care patients receiving invasive pressure support ventilation exhibited high respiratory efforts. In these patients, adjustments to ventilator settings were uncommon, despite association with worse clinical parameters and outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93934,"journal":{"name":"CHEST critical care","volume":"3 2","pages":"Article 100147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"CHEST critical care","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949788425000206","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Background
High respiratory effort may be common in invasively ventilated patients receiving pressure support ventilation, but its epidemiologic characteristics are unclear.
Research Question
What are the epidemiologic characteristics of high respiratory efforts in critically ill patients, does agreement exist between high respiratory drive and high respiratory effort, what are clinician responses during such events, and what is the relationship between those with clinical parameters and outcomes?
Study Design and Methods
This clinician-masked, prospective, observational study in 2 centers measured the drop in airway pressure during the first 100 ms of an inspiratory effort with an occluded airway (P0.1), a validated noninvasive measure of respiratory drive, in patients receiving pressure support ventilation for > 24 hours. We also measured estimated respiratory muscle pressure (ePmusc), a validated surrogate of inspiratory effort. We measured ePmusc and P0.1 twice daily.
Results
Of 528 ventilated patients, 80 patients received pressure support ventilation for > 24 hours. Among them, 33 patients (41%) exhibited high respiratory effort, which was more common in COVID-19 ARDS, with 19 of such patients (58%) reached the predefined threshold vs 14 patients (27%) in the non-COVID-19 cohort (OR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.9-14.9; P = .001). Moreover, 36% of P0.1 values were ≥ 4 cm H2O, indicating high respiratory drive. Moderate agreement was found between ePmusc and P0.1 measurements (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.65), suggesting significant discrepancies between those 2 parameters. Clinician-directed management based on usual clinical observations (but masked to P0.1 and ePmusc) rarely changed in the presence of high respiratory effort. Higher ePmusc and its concomitant elevation with P0.1 were associated with worse blood gas parameters and respiratory mechanics. A concomitant elevation of both ePmusc and P0.1 was associated independently with a decreased likelihood of being alive and ventilator-free up to day 28 (OR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.06-0.87; P = .037).
Interpretation
In this study, many critical care patients receiving invasive pressure support ventilation exhibited high respiratory efforts. In these patients, adjustments to ventilator settings were uncommon, despite association with worse clinical parameters and outcomes.