[Focus on the shoulder : Precise diagnostics for complex pathological alterations].

Abstract

The shoulder joint combines three main joints and two auxiliary joints, which enable a unique freedom of movement. Stability is primarily ensured by muscles and ligaments, making injuries, overuse or degenerative processes common causes of complaints. A systematic examination includes the anamnesis, inspection, palpation, range of motion assessment and functional tests. During the inspection the pattern of movement, muscle atrophy and malalignments are assessed. Bone and soft tissue structures are tested by palpation. Functional tests help to differentiate pathological alterations. A structured examination enables an accurate diagnosis with the option of supplementary imaging examinations.