Birth Weight, Cardiovascular Health, and Microvascular Complications in Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus.

Abstract

Background: Diabetes often leads to microvascular complications, including nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Understanding the impact of early-life factors like birth weight and modifiable behaviors such as cardiovascular health (CVH) is essential for preventing these complications.

Methods: We included 11,515 participants with diabetes but without microvascular complications at baseline from the UK Biobank Study. CVH was evaluated using the Life's Essential 8 score. Independent and joint associations of birth weight and CVH with microvascular complications were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses estimated unconfounded associations between birth weight and microvascular complications.

Results: Over a median follow-up of 13.1 years, 3,010 microvascular complications occurred. Compared with normal birth weight (2.5-4.0 kg), low birth weight (LBW; <2.5 kg) was associated with 15% higher risk of diabetic nephropathy (hazard ratio [HR], 1.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.31), but not with neuropathy and retinopathy. High birth weight (>4.0 kg) was not associated with the risk of diabetic microvascular complications. MR analysis confirmed the association between LBW and nephropathy. Adherence to high CVH was associated with a reduced risk of microvascular complications compared to low CVH, regardless of birth weight. The HRs were 0.70 (95% CI, 0.59 to 0.84) for the LBW group and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.68 to 0.80) for the group with birth weight ≥2.5 kg (P for interaction=0.69).

Conclusion: LBW was an independent risk factor for nephropathy among diabetic patients. However, the detrimental effects of LBW might be mitigated by improvement in CVH.