Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensors for the Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Abstract

Acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), are characterized by neurodegeneration, which is the gradual malfunction and damage of neurons and axons in the central nervous system. Improved clinical diagnostic workups and the development and tracking of successful disease-modifying treatments are made possible by detecting appropriate neurodegenerative disease (ND) biomarkers. Important biomarkers, such as Tau proteins, amyloid-β, and α-synucleins, are essential for precise identification but are often evaluated using time-consuming, expensive, and traditional techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Due to its exceptional selectivity and sensitivity, electrochemical biosensing has become a popular, low-cost substitute for more conventional diagnostic methods. Nanoparticles in biosensors are particularly noteworthy because they improve electron transport and aid in immobilizing biorecognition components. Conducting polymers have shown great potential in the field of electrochemical sensing. Conducting polymers have shown great potential in electrochemical sensing. Additionally, research has shown that polypyrrole, polyaniline, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), and poly(thiophene) are often regarded as among the best conducting polymers for fabricating electrochemical sensors. Moreover, a hydrogel biosensor allows for the detection of many parameters simultaneously with real-time monitoring, allowing for more accurate and timely tracking of multiple indicators of a patient. Hydrogel nano(bio)composite sensors that use electrochemical transduction methods to detect analytes are also available. Hydrogel-based polymer sensors for early-stage neurodegenerative diagnosis are examined in this review in a novel way. Afterward, we reviewed electrochemical sensors developed for detecting biomarkers related to diseases, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's. There have also been developments devised to enhance efficacy of electrochemical diagnostic tools to address their limitations. In this respect, we have also reviewed many polymers used in electrochemical diagnosis of neurological disorders. Finally, we have also evaluated the limits and prospects of clinical trials involving these electrochemical means of diagnoses.