Real-Time Implementation of Accelerated HCP-MMA for Deep Learning-Based ECG Arrhythmia Classification Using Contour-Based Visualization.

Abstract

This study presents a real-time implementation of an accelerated Hurst Contour Projection from Multiscale Multifractal Analysis (HCP-MMA) for deep learning-based ECG arrhythmia classification. Traditional heart rate variability analyses rely on fixed time scales and predefined parameters, limiting their ability to capture intricate scaling patterns and leading to diagnostic inconsistencies. HCP-MMA converts complex multifractal properties into a contour-based representation, enhancing interpretability for automated classification. However, the high computational cost of MMA hinders real-time processing. To address this, a runtime-optimized parallel computing pipeline is introduced, incorporating singular value decomposition (SVD) and vectorized processing, achieving a $730\times$ speedup over the baseline implementation on an Intel-based system. The proposed HCP-MMA framework, integrated with AlexNet, achieved over 98% classification accuracy across three benchmark datasets (PhysioNet, MIT-BIH, CU), with an F1-score of up to 99.3%. Runtime optimizations enabled real-time deployment on Raspberry Pi 5, demonstrating a $\sim 199\times$ speedup over baseline MMA computation on embedded hardware, with an average inference time of 0.0668 seconds per image, a memory footprint of approximately 220 MB, and a model size of $\sim 122$ MB. Statistical validation using ANOVA and Tukey's HSD tests (p $< 0.05$) confirmed the approach's robustness and generalizability. By bridging computational efficiency with real-time adaptability, this method not only advances automated ECG diagnostics but also paves the way for scalable deployment in wearable monitoring, telemedicine, and multifractal analysis of complex physiological time-series.