Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in individuals with psychoactive substance dependence.

Abstract

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental childhood disorder, which in most cases persists into adulthood, causing severe functional impairment. ADHD constitutes an important risk factor for the onset of use and the development of dependence on psychoactive substances. Impulse control disorders, anxiety, mood disorders, and substance abuse are the most common comorbid disorders. The present study aims to estimate the prevalence of ADHD in adult users of psychoactive substances who have attended a treatment program in a special detoxification unit for psychoactive substances. The study concerns the examination of one hundred eighteen psychoactive substance users using the following diagnostic tools: (a) Section 12 of the semi-structured interview SCAN 2.0, which assesses diagnostic criteria of psychoactive substance abuse and dependence. (b) The structured clinical interview CIS-R, which investigates the presence of psychopathological symptoms of "common mental disorders". (c) The WURS scale retrospectively probes into ADHD symptoms up to the age of 7. The prevalence of ADHD in the sample of individuals with psychoactive substance use disorders was found to be 38.1%. Analyses were also performed concerning age and the comorbidity of common psychiatric disorders and ADHD. Findings are consistent with the results of other studies. The drug users of psychoactive substances, regardless of the ADHD comorbidity, had an increased prevalence of common psychiatric disorders. The most common comorbidities were other psychoactive substance disorders, anxiety, and depressive disorders. The small number of participants, the exclusive use of one substance by the participants, and the type of unit where the present study was conducted restrict the generalizability of its results.