A Sensitive and Versatile Cell-Based Assay Combines Luminescence and Trapping Approaches to Monitor Unconventional Protein Secretion.

Abstract

In addition to the conventional endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi secretory pathway, alternative routes are increasingly recognized for their critical roles in exporting a growing number of secreted factors. These alternative processes, collectively referred to as unconventional protein secretion (UcPS), challenge traditional views of protein and membrane trafficking. Unlike the well-characterized molecular machinery of the conventional secretory pathway, the mechanisms underlying UcPS remain poorly understood. Various UcPS pathways may involve direct transport of cytosolic proteins across the plasma membrane or the incorporation of cargo proteins into intracellular compartments redirected for secretion. Identifying the specific chaperones, transporters and fusion machinery involved in UcPS cargo recognition, selection and transport is crucial to decipher how cargo proteins are selectively or synergistically directed through multiple secretory routes. These processes can vary depending on cell type and in response to particular stress conditions or cellular demands, underscoring the need for standardized tools and methods to study UcPS. Here, we combine the sensitivity of split NanoLuc Binary Technology with the versatility of the Retention Using Selective Hooks (RUSH) system to develop a straightforward and reliable cell-based assay for investigating both conventional and unconventional protein secretion. This system allows for the identification of intracellular compartments involved in UcPS cargo trafficking. Additionally, its sensitivity enabled us to demonstrate that disease-associated mutants or variants of Tau and superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) show altered secretion via UcPS. Finally, we leveraged this assay to screen for Alzheimer's disease risk factors, revealing a functional link between amyloid-beta production and Tau UcPS. This robust assay provides a powerful tool for increasing our knowledge of protein secretion mechanisms in physiological and pathological contexts.