Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence: Epidemiology and Financial Implications.

Abstract

Objective: Childhood obesity is a growing global health concern with significant epidemiological and economic consequences. This study aims to provide an overview of the prevalence, socioeconomic determinants, and financial burden of childhood obesity, emphasizing its impact on healthcare systems and society.

Methods: A non-systematic targeted literature review was conducted using PubMed and institutional sources such as the World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Two independent reviewers screened and extracted relevant data, which were categorized into three domains: epidemiology (prevalence and trends), socioeconomic determinants (income, education, ethnicity, and family factors), and economic impact (direct, indirect, and intangible costs).

Findings: Childhood obesity prevalence has been rising globally, with higher rates observed in high-income countries. Socioeconomic disparities play a crucial role, with lower-income families and certain ethnic groups experiencing higher obesity rates. Direct costs include increased medical expenses due to obesity-related comorbidities, while indirect costs result from productivity losses and long-term healthcare needs. Intangible costs, such as psychological distress and reduced quality of life, further highlight the burden of childhood obesity. Economic evaluations indicate that childhood obesity leads to substantial healthcare expenditures and productivity losses over a lifetime, emphasizing the need for early intervention.

Conclusion: Childhood obesity imposes a significant public health and economic burden, necessitating urgent policy interventions. A multi-sectoral approach, including public health strategies, socioeconomic support, and cost-effective interventions, is essential to mitigate its impact.