Resource Loss and Empathy in Couples During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Attachment Behaviors

Abstract

This dyadic, longitudinal study investigates the impact of pandemic-related resource loss on cognitive empathy through actor–partner effects via attachment behaviors in a sample of 535 cisgender heterosexual couples. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in significant resource loss, disruption to societal functioning and transportation, panic, and isolation. In the wake of mass-stress events, preserving empathy in relationships may aid long-term adaptation; this study represents a contribution toward understanding empathy in couples during mass stress. We tested actor and partner effects of resource loss at the onset of the pandemic on changes in empathy 6 months later. We also examined the mediating role of attachment behavior changes in this relationship. Resource loss indirectly decreased empathy through reduced attachment behaviors for actors. It also indirectly increased empathy in the partner via enhanced partner attachment behaviors. Attachment behaviors supported higher empathy within partners, with no gender differences in model effects. Implications include the importance of reducing loss and enhancing attachment behaviors in couples and maintaining empathy for each other during mass stress events.